Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

Which of the following contributed most strongly to the outbreak of the French Revolution?

1. The rise of monarchistic power

2. Social stability and economic prosperity

3. The Enlightenment

4. Colonial expansion and imperialism

The correct answer is: The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment played a pivotal role in the outbreak of the French Revolution by profoundly influencing the political and social thought of the time. Enlightenment philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu challenged traditional authority and emphasized reason, individual rights, and the social contract. They advocated for ideals such as liberty, equality, and fraternity, which resonated with the growing discontent among the French populace, especially the Third Estate (commoners). As citizens became more aware of these philosophical ideas and questioned the absolute monarchy and the privileges of the nobility and clergy, they were inspired to seek change. The clash between Enlightenment ideals and the existing social and political structures led to increased demands for reform and ultimately contributed to the revolutionary atmosphere in France. The other options, while relevant, did not have the same direct impact. The rise of monarchistic power and social stability with economic prosperity created a complex societal backdrop but did not inspire the same revolutionary fervor. Colonial expansion and imperialism may have influenced economic conditions but were not central to the ideological and philosophical foundation that drove the revolution. Thus, the Enlightenment emerges as the most significant contributor to the awakening of revolutionary sentiment in France.