Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

Which historical context best explains John Locke's advocacy for popular sovereignty?

1. The English Civil War and its aftermath

2. The Enlightenment philosophy of reason

3. The influence of the French Revolution

4. The consolidation of absolute monarchies

The correct answer is: The English Civil War and its aftermath

John Locke's advocacy for popular sovereignty is best explained by the historical context of the English Civil War and its aftermath. During this tumultuous period in the 17th century, debates around governance, authority, and the rights of individuals became prominent. The English Civil War saw conflicts between Parliament and the monarchy, leading to questions about the legitimacy of royal authority and the rights of the governed. Locke's writings, particularly in "Two Treatises of Government," put forth the idea that governments derive their power from the consent of the governed, which was a radical departure from the prevailing belief in absolute monarchy. In this context, Locke emerged as a key figure advocating for the social contract: that individuals have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that they have the authority to overthrow a government that fails to protect those rights. The philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment, while influential on Locke's thoughts, were more broadly applicable to various reform movements across Europe rather than uniquely connected to his views on sovereignty as shaped by the specific political upheavals in England. The French Revolution and the consolidation of absolute monarchies occurred later and were influenced by Locke's ideas rather than being a direct context for his advocacy. Thus, the English Civil War and its aftermath