Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

What was a major effect of the Enlightenment on European society?

1. It led to an increase in monarchical power

2. It encouraged a questioning of traditional authority

3. It decreased the importance of education

4. It discouraged scientific inquiry

The correct answer is: It encouraged a questioning of traditional authority

The Enlightenment had a profound impact on European society by encouraging a questioning of traditional authority. This intellectual movement emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism toward established norms, including political, religious, and social structures. Philosophers like John Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau championed ideas regarding natural rights, liberty, and the social contract, prompting people to critically examine the legitimacy of monarchies and the church's power. This questioning spirit directly contributed to significant political and social upheaval, paving the way for revolutions, such as the American and French Revolutions. It fostered a culture in which individuals felt empowered to challenge the status quo and advocate for reforms based on rational thought and empirical evidence. Other options reflect less accurate interpretations of the Enlightenment's legacy. For instance, the movement did not bolster monarchical power; rather, it often undermined it. Education became increasingly valued during this period, as the promotion of knowledge and enlightenment was seen as essential for progress and societal improvement. Additionally, the Enlightenment was foundational for scientific inquiry, encouraging advancements in fields such as physics, biology, and chemistry, rather than discouraging them.