Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

What underlying theme is present in the articulation of Maria Theresa's leadership style?

1. Emphasis on democratic reforms

2. Focus on absolutist governance and authority

3. Promotion of social equality

4. Advocacy for religious pluralism

The correct answer is: Focus on absolutist governance and authority

Maria Theresa’s leadership style is characterized primarily by a focus on absolutist governance and authority. As a ruler of the Habsburg Empire during the 18th century, she consolidated power in her own hands, embracing the principles of absolutism that were prevalent in Europe at that time. This approach allowed her to implement significant reforms across her territories, including centralizing administration, modernizing the military, and enhancing revenue systems, all while maintaining firm control over her subjects. Her efforts to strengthen her rule and the state reflect a belief in her divine right to govern, typical of absolutist monarchs. Although she made some reforms that could be interpreted as promoting social order and stability, the overarching theme of her reign was the consolidation of authority rather than the introduction of democratic principles or sweeping social equality initiatives. While there were aspects of administration and welfare that touched on social issues, the core aspect of her leadership remains in the realm of maintaining and exerting authority consistent with absolutism, distinguishing her reign in the historical context of enlightened absolutism where rulers sought to strengthen their states while justifying their power through notions of enlightened governance.