Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

Voltaire's plea for tolerance is best understood in the context of which development?

1. The reformation of religious institutions

2. The emergence of philosophical romanticism

3. New concepts of faith resulting from rational analysis of religious practices

4. The decline of monarchical powers

The correct answer is: New concepts of faith resulting from rational analysis of religious practices

Voltaire's plea for tolerance is best understood in the context of new concepts of faith arising from the rational analysis of religious practices. During the Enlightenment, thinkers like Voltaire began to challenge traditional religious authority and promote skepticism toward dogma, advocating instead for reason and empirical evidence as the basis for belief. This intellectual movement encouraged individuals to critically examine religious doctrines and practices, leading to calls for greater religious tolerance and freedom of thought. Voltaire specifically emphasized the importance of individual rights, including the freedom of conscience, making a strong case against religious intolerance and persecution. He believed that most conflicts resulted from differing beliefs and highlights the necessity of coexistence and understanding among diverse faiths. This perspective marked a shift toward secularism and the promotion of rational thought, distinguishing it from earlier periods dominated by rigid religious adherence. In contrast, the reformation of religious institutions, the emergence of philosophical romanticism, and the decline of monarchical powers address different aspects of European history that relate to changing social and political dynamics but do not directly capture Voltaire's unique focus on reason and tolerance in the realm of faith during the Enlightenment.