Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

The Dutch decision to target Portuguese holdings was significantly influenced by the need to control the spice trade for economic gain. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the spice trade was immensely lucrative, with spices such as pepper, cloves, and nutmeg being highly sought after in Europe. Portugal had established a dominant position in this trade, controlling key routes and territories in the East Indies.

The Dutch, particularly through their trading company, the Dutch East India Company, sought to undermine Portuguese dominance and take over spice production and trade routes. By capturing Portuguese territories and disrupting their trade, the Dutch aimed to create a monopoly that would enhance their own wealth and economic power. This strategic move not only aimed to increase profits but also to bolster the expanding naval and mercantile capabilities of the Dutch Republic during the Golden Age.

While political alliances and the actions of other European powers played a role in the broader context, it was the economic motivation tied to the spice trade that was the central catalyst driving Dutch aggression toward Portuguese holdings.